A phenomenological study of Chinese Buddhist temples Essay

A phenomenological study of Chinese Buddhist temples - Essay Example This paper is about Chinese Buddhist temples from an architectural perspective. The introduction in part A describes what these temples are and this is followed by a selection of some temples of architectural significance as examples. The introduction in part A describes what these temples are and this is followed by a selection of some temples of architectural significance as examples. This brief survey is then used to identify some typical architectural features in part B, a description of three distinct architectural styles, and a discussion of the impact of the introduction of Buddhism in China. The main part C then describes the phenomenological study of a particular temple, namely the Bao Shan Chan Si after first justifying the method and introducing the temple. Part A: Chinese Buddhist temples Introduction to Chinese Buddhist temples Buddhist temples are spiritual spaces designed for worship, devotion or offerings according to the Buddhist religion. Chinese Buddhist temples ha ve been known throughout history as Ci, Lanruo, Jlalan, Jingshe and Si. Temples are one of the most conspicuous and significant of buildings that exhibit Buddhist (xiu xing) architecture. Others are pagodas (religious towers), grottos (religious caves) and stupas (dome-shaped monuments). They display marvellous items with Buddhist symbolism, sculpture, painting and calligraphy. But they have more than these outward features alone. They are also places of serenity, tranquillity and holiness. They exude an atmosphere in which people can feel inner peace and spend time to purify their souls. A selection of some temples of architectural significance There are many Buddhist temples all over China, but three of these were selected to illustrate the significance of Chinese Buddhist temples from an architectural perspective. These are the JieTai temple, the Longhua temple, and Yo Fu Si. The construction of the JieTai Temple, which is outside Beijing, began during the Tan dynasty but was com pleted during the later Qing dynasty. The JieTai temple has a special ordination platform made of white marble containing beautifully carved figures and special rock formations and trees around its main courtyard. JieTai Temple (Source: http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/china/temples/tanzhe-temple.html) The Longhua Temple is the largest in Shanghai. In its domed Grand Hall is a glided statue of the Buddha together with his disciples. There is also a special sculpture that shows how reincarnation happens. In another hall called the Three Sage Hall, there are three incarnations of the Buddha, and another room contains 500 golden small arhat statues. The temple complex also has a special pagoda constructed from wood and brick. It has an octagonal structure and seven stories, which is highly symbolic. The Grand Hall of the Longhua Temple (Source: http://www.sacred-destinations.com/china/shanghai-longhua-temple) Also in Shangai is a famous temple known as the Jade Buddha (Yu Fo S i) Temple. It is so called because it contains two Buddha statues made from white jade, which were brought over from Burma. From the perspective of architecture, the temple has a Song dynasty style so it is a fairly new temple and therefore distinct from traditional Chinese architecture. One of these distinct features is the use of circular doors as shown in the photo below. One of the circular doors of the Jade Buddha Temple (Source: http://www.sacred-destinations.com/china/shanghai-jade-buddha-temple) Part B: Typical architectural features of Chinese Buddhist temples The above survey of Buddhist temples in China has revealed typical architectural features listed below. Chinese Buddhist temples tend to have: Several large halls connected together Small courtyards separating its halls Statues of the Buddha and other ornamental sculptures Tiled roofs turned upward at the corners Common materials were wood, brick and stone Usually symmetrical

Steel and Surface Preparation Essay Example for Free

Steel and Surface Preparation Essay What is meant by the tenn sliver? What is a hackle? Name two other tenns that could be used for anchor pattern? What are the main advantages of using Testex papers for measuring profiles? What is meant by the tenn grade. relating to a blast finish? What are the main factors governing the grade f a blast finish? Can the grade of a blast fmish be detennined by using the surface comparators to BS 7079 Pt C3? What profile range can be measured using X coarse Testex? What profile range can be measured using coarse grade Testex? What are the two theories of adhesion? Briefly describe the mechanisms of the two theories of adhesion. How many microns are in Ithou? Give three different names for the cross section of a blast. What is the approximate speed of abrasives leaving a venturi nozzle? What is the most common cause of flash rusting on a blasted substrate? What would be considered to be an ideal shot grit mix? What is the purpose of mixing shot and grit? Which abrasive would have the effect of work hardening a substrate? Name three methods of measuring or assessing a profile. What is the most common cause of rogue peaks on a substrate? In what situation would it be better to use steel grit in preference to copper slag abrasives? If cracks or laminations are found on a substrate after blasting what steps should be taken? Using comparators to ISO 8503, what are the three main profile assessments? What are the other two assessments when the above three are not appropriate? What would be size of copper slag needed to give a protile of 50 to 75 urn? 3. 2 copynght

Internet Censorship Means No Freedom of Speech -- Argumentative Persua

Picture it: you pick up your phone to read your email. You're expecting a message from a friend, who is sending you some information on breast cancer, but when you check your inbox there is instead a message from the server. It says the message that was sent to you from the address of your friend has been intercepted because it contained indecent material that did not comply with FCC regulations of the Internet. You call your friend only to find that the police have come and taken her away, and she is now facing up to two years in prison and/or up to $100,000 in fines. The message sent by your friend contained the word "breast," which by current FCC standards is indecent, and thus not permitted to be transferred on the Internet. Due to this, your friend is now subject to criminal charges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sound ridiculous? Unreasonable? Perhaps even a bit scary? It is all three of these things, but further, it is impending reality. This situation is very possible, in the very near future. On February 8, 1996, President Clinton signed the Exon Bill, part of the Communications Decency Act; a bill which makes the possibility of this situation a frightening reality. This bill will allow the government to censor the Internet, by any means it deems necessary. Under the CDA the "seven dirty words", as well as anything the government considers sexually explicit or "indecent", will be banned from the Internet. The CDA, however, will not be enforceable until all appeals made against it by organizations such as the Citizens Internet Empowerment Coalition (CIEC), and the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), are resolved.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Internet is a worldwide medium for communication and the transfer of information. It is also, theoretica... ...Internet. They also succeeded in doing this without government interference, or threatening our rights as Americans. Further, it does this in a way which keeps parents involved in their child's activities, and preserves the parental right to decide what their child is exposed to. It also ensures that the growth of the Internet is not stunted in any way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If people are educated on this issue, then they will be aware of what is occurring in this conflict, so they will be ready to stand up for their rights. Anyone who is informed on the subject will not want to risk losing their rights or freedom. Further, if there are solutions which will protect children on the Internet that at the same time protect our freedom of speech and the growth of the Internet and all its information, thus appeasing both sides, it is only logical and reasonable that we follow them.

Brief of Methodology Techniques

All research methodology is made up of a combination of qualitative and quantitative constructs. The idea of the qualitative quantitative research continuum, as opposed to a dichotomy, is explored on scientific grounds. What are known as qualitative methods are often beginning points, foundational strategies, which often are followed by quantitative methodologies. Qualitative Research.The qualitative, naturalistic approach is used while observing and interpreting reality with the aim of developing a theory that will explicate what was experienced. In their Handbook of Qualitative Research, Denzin and Lincoln (1994) acknowledge that â€Å"Qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.Qualitative research involves the studied use and col lection of a variety of empirical materials–case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactions, and visual texts –the described routine and problematic moments and meanings in individuals' lives†. (p. 2) Qualitative data are defined by Patton ( 1990) as â€Å"detailed descriptions of situations, events, people, interactions, observed behaviors, direct quotations from people about their experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and thoughts and excerpts or entire passages from documents, correspondence, records, and case histories† (p.22 ). Techniques of qualitative research are Interviews, Observation, Case study, and Action research. Interviews Qualitative interviews have been responsive to the potentially invasive impact of researchers on the research process as the researcher is the primary research instrument. Observation Observation as a design feature is to attain depth of meaning from the data (i. e . , what seems salient in the setting). The researcher focuses in detail on the most pertinent factors in an ethnographic study. Case study The case-study method is one more design approach under the qualitative rubric.Case studies can be single-subject designs or based on a single program, unit, or school. Merriam (1988) describes that case-study research, begins with translating the research question into more specific and researchable problems, followed by techniques and examples of how to collect, organize, and report case-study data. Action Research Action research is used here to refer to ways of exploring professional experience which link practice and the analysis of practice into a single productive and constantly developing sequence, and which link researchers and research participants into a single community of involved colleagues.Winter (1996) explains that â€Å"action research is seen as a way of investigating professional experience which links practice and the analy sis of practice into a single, continuously developing sequence† (p. 13). Quantitative approach The quantitative approach is used while one begins with a theory (or hypothesis) and tests for confirmation or disconfirmation of that hypothesis. Quantitative research is often referred to as hypothesis-testing research (Kerlinger, 1964). Typical of this custom is the following common pattern of research operations in investigating, for instance, the effects of a treatment or an intervention.Techniques of quantitative research are Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaires, Sampling, and Triangulation. Surveys Data are collected, typically either by interview or by questionnaire, on a group of variables. The objective then is to observe patterns of relationship between the variables. Unlike experimental research, the researcher does not intercede in the organization and observe the effects of the intervention. Information is collected on a number of variables, and the amount to which they are causally linked has to be inferred.Interviews Quantitative researchers pretest their instruments to reassure the quality of their data. They ransack other researchers' scales and theories to inform their theoretical understanding of the fundamental factors that may be present. They do long interviews and focus groups to try to get into the points of view of those living through the situations they are analyzing. Questionnaires These are collections of questions that the respondent completes on his or her own. Sampling The sample of subjects is drawn to replicate the population.After the pretest measures are taken, the treatment conducted, and posttest measures taken, a statistical analysis divulges findings about the treatment's effects. To support repeatability of the findings, one experiment typically is conducted and statistical techniques are used to establish the probability of the same differences occurring over and over again. Triangulation Triangulation might be looked at as a dependability check–but not always. It is possible that one source of data could be much more significant than other sources in understanding a particular phenomenon.Generally, though, the more sources one looks at the more expected one is to have a complete perception of the phenomenon. Sampling Techniques: Random or Probability Non-random or Non-probability Random or Probability techniques are Simple random sampling, Systematic random sampling, and Stratified random sampling. Simple random sampling In simple random sampling, all subject within the sampling frame has an equal chance of being selected. This equal chance is consummate through a total randomness of selection.Systematic random sampling In systematic sampling, instead of drawing sample subjects randomly from the sampling frame, systematic sampling draws subjects at different intervals along the list of subjects in the sampling frame. Stratified random sampling An approach that increases the probability of obtaining a representative sample yet avoids missing an significant subgroup is to draw a stratified sample. With stratified sampling, the sampling frame is first separated into subgroups based on a variable that is considered important.Non-random or Non-probability is Cluster sampling, Quota sampling, Purposive sampling. Cluster sampling In cluster sampling, instead of individual subjects, logically occurring clusters, or groups, of subjects are used as the essential units of sampling. Purposive sampling With purposive sampling (also known as judgmental sampling), subjects are selected based on the researcher's knowledge of the population and on the nature of the research. The researcher uses subjects as the sample who are judged as â€Å"typical† or â€Å"representative† of the population of interest. Quota samplingThis type of non probability sampling is quota sampling. Quota sampling contains features of both stratified sampling and purposive sampling. In quota sa mpling, variables that are indomitable to be significant to the research question are identified. These variables are usually demographic variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, and urban versus rural residency. Conclusion The qualitative-quantitative research methodology is supported scientifically by its self-correcting feedback loops. In each and every research study, the continuum operates.When one conceptualizes research this way and uses the integral feedback mechanism, positive things happen that are less probable to occur in a strictly qualitative or a strictly quantitative study. Work Cited Merriam S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Stake R. E. (1981). â€Å"Case study methodology: An epistemological advocacy†. In W. W. Welch (Ed. ), Case study methodology in educational evaluation: Proceedings of the 1981 Minnesota Evaluation Conference (pp. 31-40).Minneapolis: Minnesota Researc h and Evaluation Center. Denzin N. K. , & Lincoln Y. S. (Eds. ). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Patton M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed. ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Kerlinger F. (1964). Foundations of behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Winter, R. (1996). Some principles and procedures for the conduct of action research. In Zuber-Skerritt, O. (Ed. ) Action research for change and development. Aldershot: Gower-Avebury.

Transportation and Its Effect on the World - 1813 Words

Transportation and Its Effect on the World Transportation: a common word that people hear daily, but pay no mind to. Transportation is an industry that employs millions and stimulates economies everywhere. Without transportation the world as we know it would collapse. Cars, boats, trains, and planes, all built and operate in to serve the same purpose, to move items and people. Transportation falls into one of three basic types, depending on over what surface they travel by land, water, and air. Transportation is a non-separable part of any society. It shows a very close relation to the style of life, the range and location of activities and the goods and services in which will be available. Advances in transportation have made changes possible in the way of living and the way in which societies are organized, which therefore have a great influence in the development of countries All great things have a long grueling beginning, and the art of transporting is no different. Ancient transports may not be on the large scale of w hat happens today with advanced aircraft and 2,000 horsepower trucks, but the basic purpose of displacing items was obviously there. Thousands of years ago, no one heard of a Chevy Cavalier or Amtrak. The only means of getting from point A to point B were usually two feet on the ground. Around 40,000 years ago the first seaworthy canoes and ships were first being developed; this made way for international trade by sea and put many of theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Fuel Prices On The World s Dumbest Transportation Policy2073 Words   |  9 Pagesvolatility of fuel prices began to significantly affect economic interactions within and between local, national and international economies. Whilst originally intended to benefit society, they have since been labelled by some as â€Å"the world s dumbest transportation policy† (Morris 2014 p. 1), due to their widely entrenched and long-lasting economic repercussions. However, proponents continue to maintain that they are a valid econo mic tool. Claimed advantages of subsidies include the perpetuationRead MoreEssay on Transportations Impact on Our World933 Words   |  4 PagesTransportations Impact on Our World Methods of transportation have always occupied a certain niche in society. Beyond their obvious practical use, transports from horses to speed boats to sports cars embody the romance and intrigue of travel. However, beyond the obvious effect low fuel-efficiency standards have had on pollution in the United States and elsewhere, the environmental impacts of transportation are rarely taken into account. Advances in transportation have had two main effects on the environmentRead MoreEssay on Next Generation Air Transportation System1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Future of the â€Å"Next Generation Air Transportation System† October 23, 2011 Tech 3020 By: Joel Borton The Future of the Next Generation Air Transportation System Since the Wright brother’s first flight over Kitty Hawk 108 years ago, the accomplishments of the human race in aerospace have been nothing short of miraculous. The United States aerospace and aviation industry has developed into a crucial element of the global infrastructureRead MoreImpact Of The Industrial Revolution On Capitalism And The Contemporary Society Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesthere were many cause and effect events that occurred, the Industrial Revolution changed the lives of many, these changes in society were caused by the innovations of the time period, and the need for a more productive environment. There was a movement from an agricultural society to a manufacturing society; these changes affected the family’s ability to sustain itself, be financially, social class, or the inner workings of its members, which then had a direct effect on the growth of CapitalismRead MoreThe Oil Transportation Methods Is The Keystone Pipeline1399 Words   |   6 PagesCanada has become one of the leading producers of crude oil in the world. This is a direct result of improved extraction methods from the Alberta tar sands in the late 1980’s. It is said that the tar sands represent the largest reserve of oil in the world, covering over 140,000 square kilometers. The tar sands are vast areas of soil containing bitumen that is a semi-solid hydrocarbon product. Once extracted from the ground, the bitumen can be refined in order to produce crude oil. To further refineRead MoreInvention of the Combustion Engine1570 Words   |  7 PagesAfter many years of trial and error, a combination of inventors and engineers developed a practical, effective internal combustion engine that greatly affected the world. This paper will give opposing views on the background and analyze the effects it had on transportation and the environment. The invention of the internal combustion engine sprouted from the work of several engineers and inventors across Europe and into America. First, in 1859, Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir developed the first practicalRead MoreHighway Effectiveness And Regional Economic Growth1460 Words   |  6 Pagesconstruction of transportation infrastructure to national economic strength and efficiency is usually mentioned as a key to promoting development. We believe that it provides a strong support for the both economics and social undertaking, so that it focuses on where people live and where businesses locate. In other words, the decision of transportation construction affect the land use patterns, the use of natural recourses, issues of urban sprawl, and the overall life quality. Modern transportation is a comprehensiveRead MoreExisting Canals in the World: The Panama Canal and The Suez Canal1642 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Canals are human-made and completely subject to the sovereignty of the state in which they are located. Canals are internal waters that have no right of innocent passage through canals. Typically, there are only two canals in the world - Panama Canal and Suez Canal. Panama Canal opened on 15 August 1914 with a total length of 80.5km (50 miles). Panama Canal is the integral link for shipping traffic from the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean in North U.S. (refer Fig. 1). Panama Canal consistRead MoreReasons For A Ban On Passenger Cars1285 Words   |  6 Pagesthese issues are the results of an abundance of passenger cars, some people have concluded that one of the best solutions to these problems is to ban them in cities with extensive public transportation. Without the allowance of cars, citizens would be required to walk, bike, or use various public transportation methods like subways, buses, or trains to get from one destination to another. While no law is currently in place, our governm ent should strongly consider a ban on passenger cars for variousRead MoreCauses And Disadvantages Of Transportation723 Words   |  3 PagesModes of transportation such as trains and cars were created as a way to connect the world. The creation of the railroad system allowed for global trade and travel to foreign countries. After railroad systems, humans desired personal modes of transportation so cars were invented and created a more efficient way to get around. The mobilization of the world may not seem like such a bad thing. However, transportation comes with economic consequences. The evolving forms of transportation humans have

Questions On The Declaration Of The Bible - 995 Words

eference: Addressed To: Circumstance Under which It was reiterated: â€Å"Ingredients† Which compose the covenant: Development In the book of Genesis: Any change in Content or Emphasis: Genesis 12:1- Now the Lord had said to Abram, â€Å"Leave your country, your people, and your father`s household and go to the land I will show you.† Abraham God`s call for Abraham to Canaan. Abraham moved from Haran to Canaan-land. Started with a call from God to Abraham. There is emphasis put on faith as God`s call to Abraham required faith. Genesis 12:2- I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you. Abraham God`s call for Abraham to move by faith. God`s promise of blessing/seed. Abraham`s call. Emphasis is on the blessing of Abraham`s seed. Genesis†¦show more content†¦A promise of land to Abraham. A look at the expanse of the land blessing, from God`s call to Abraham. Emphasis is placed on the amount of land and how for how long Abraham would receive it. Genesis 13:16- I will make your offspring like the dust of the earth, so that if anyone could count the dust, then your offspring could be counted.† Abraham Again God`s call for Abraham`s move by faith. God`s promise of seed innumerable. The depth of the seed blessing is revealed. Emphasis is placed on the vastness of the blessing. Genesis 15:1- After this, the word of the Lord came to Abram in a vision: â€Å"Do not be afraid, Abram. I am your shield, your very great reward. Abraham Melchizedek blessings Abraham after victory battle for Lot. God`s promise to protect and of great reward. Expansion of the blessing to include the protection of the Lord. Content of the blessing and promises of God to include protection for Abraham. Genesis 15:4- Then the word of the Lord came to him: â€Å"This man will not be your heir, but a son coming from your own body will Abraham God`s rewarding Abraham`s faith in the Abraham`s own body to furnish the seed of the covenant. From the call of god to Abraham, to a personal Emphasis is placed on the seed coming from Abraham. be your heir.† Lord`s provision. blessing of a seed. Genesis 15:5- He took him outside and said, â€Å"Look up at the

Harmful Women Stereotypes Essay - 975 Words

The wide ranging harmful representations of women have now achieved a new level in popular culture. Every medium (television, movies, magazines, games) has the problems of their own of depicting women. Whereas there are various other issues related to the way women are repented for viewers, for the purposes of this essay it is useful to explore gender stereotypes and negative depiction of women in movies, which also include overly sexualized and unrealistic images in movies. All together these issues shore up the idea of portraying women negatively which results in erroneous representation of women by oneself and cultures as well. Movies are widely viewed medium around the globe and thus, have a huge effect on the way women perceive†¦show more content†¦These stereotyped perceptions of what women are like is hardly true, yet even comedy movies depicting women, especially Rebecca (1940) further solidify the view that women are single-minded and unable to think or act outside narrowly defined and culturally coded behavior. An ‘unordinary’ woman, who is focused on living alone and have different priorities than a married one, would likely to deem herself as something out of the ‘ordinary’ because that’s not what real women are like. Thus, this forms a concept in young females that one has to married as per the social norm to be considered feminine. Movies can confine women in many ways, whether it is villainous psychotic role or representing as sex objects. Consider how â€Å"the impossibly busty body of Laura Croft, the female protagonist of Tomb Raider, can be viewed nude on certain websites. The notion behind this is that these harmful stereotyped representations can damage the overall image inside younger generations and change their perception of (Norris, 2004). Laura Croft is the result of the imagination of someone yet that doesn’t make her any less as an idol and is believed to be perfect in every sense. Young males consider her as someone with whom they want other girls to look the same. On the other hand, teenage females think it is very hard to achieve the similar figure and personality as of the protagonist. Unaware, both the genders areShow MoreRelatedHow Heteronormativity And Media Stereotypes On Queer People Express Their Sexualities1655 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HOW HETERONORMATIVITY AND MEDIA STEREOTYPES IN SOCIETY INFLUENCES HOW QUEER PEOPLE EXPRESS THEIR SEXUALITIES How heteronormativity and media stereotypes influences how queer people express their sexualities Vanessa Gomes Ryerson University â€Å"Who is the man in the relationship?† â€Å"Who tops or bottoms?† These questions have become a fundamental part in queer people’s lives. Why do non queer people need for queer people and their relationships to imitate heternormativeRead MoreBeauty Is The Eyes Of Society904 Words   |  4 Pagesmany places and is often viewed as a luxury by many people. For women in particular, the standards of beauty are extremely high, they come with all types of stereotypes, and can many times cause both psychological as well as physical damage to women. In Jane Martin’s Beauty, she addresses the importance that people place on a woman’s physical attributes as well as certain stereotypes about beauty. When people in today’s society see a women, no matter her age, the first thing they’ll notice is how sheRead MoreSex Is A Tricky Subject1451 Words   |  6 Pagesstill recovering from the nineteenth century â€Å"moral panic† where sex was demonized (Rubin 268). We are slowly moving to a more sex positive society, but there is still a lot of negativity attached to sex. People who work in the sex industry face harmful stigmas that cause our society to believe that jobs in the industry are not viable career choices. People in sex work are demonized as whores or drug addicts, thought of as less intelligent, and thought of as victims. These jobs are viable careerRead MoreEssay on Cultural and Racial Stereotyping1439 Words   |  6 Pages Most people find stereotypes to be obnoxious, especially when they have to do with sensitive subjects like gender or race. â€Å"Stereotyping is a generalization about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influen ce on how we perceive others and their communication behaviors† (Floyd, 61). Because they underestimate the differences among individuals in a group, stereotyping can lead to inaccurate and offensive perceptions of other people. Although stereotypes are prevalent in almost everyRead MoreEssay about Gender Based Stereotype in the Media1723 Words   |  7 Pageswhen the media insinuate the wrong and negative messages, consequently leading to unwarranted stereotypes. Particularly, the media can lead to gender based stereotypes when to communicate the wrong type of messages (Wood 31). 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